Interactive Design - Lectures and Exercises

INTERACTIVE DESIGN GCD 60904

WEEK 01 - WEEK 14 (24.04.2024 - 14.07.2024)

NAME: Chin Tze Wei

I.D: 0357423

COURSE: Interactive Design / Bachelor of Design (Honors) in Creative Media

GROUP: Class 01 Sec 04

Interactive Design - Lectures and Exercise


- LIST -

TABLE OF CONTENT

        1.1  Class Activity
        3.1  Website 01: 12Wave.com
        3.2  Website 02 : Equinox Studio
        4.2  Website 02: Bandit Running
        5.1  Starting
        5.2  Research
        5.3  Sketching wireframe
        5.4  Digitalize wireframe (Figma)
        5.5  Touching the HTML with CSS
        5.6  HTML code
        5.7  CSS code
        5.8  Final Submission



1. LECTURES

Lecture 01 - Usability: Designing Products for User Satisfacation (Week 01)

<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1EYYJ0e1pEGnmrcG7aIW4-z1VcMB5W-O8/preview" width="640" height="480" allow="autoplay"></iframe>

Lecture 02 - Understanding Website Structure

<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1InYu9aa6IE6yH5MApVHYcdnUCnDtWaYS/preview" width="640" height="480" allow="autoplay"></iframe>

Lecture 03 - The Web Standards

<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QWB9y1UQCFCv2_QUOoHG-0gwDZ_YDX9N/preview" width="640" height="480" allow="autoplay"></iframe>

Lecture 04 - HTML and CSS

<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LRVeYaBwOwp4faRcwPAnSO6zp2d7vRTx/preview" width="640" height="480" allow="autoplay"></iframe>

Lecture 05 - CSS Selector

<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1q5E_1OBvpu0lPDy7IaVMs9bg8RyKLKtO/preview" width="640" height="480" allow="autoplay"></iframe>














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2. INSTRUCTION

Module Information Booklet (MIB)

<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YEH0Ri7vzbhdZBqUNjLtI80L6MrIDxmn/preview" width="640" height="480" allow="autoplay"></iframe>


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3. EXERCISE 01 - WEB ANALYSIS

3.1  Website 01: 12wave.com

1.  Website overview and design analysis

        1.1  Layout

The website (https://12wave.com/) has a modern and visually appealing layout with vibrant colours and high-quality images. The layout is clean and organized, making it easy for users to navigate and find products.

Main page contains the website logo, main navigation menu, play button, social media and contact information button. 


Figure 3.1&3.2   Main Page (Left) and Game over page (Right)

Featured Work page contains of the past work of the website's workshop. About page contains of a short introduction of the founder of their workshop. 

Figure 3.3&3.4  Featured work page (Left) and About page (Right)

The Menu Bar page contain of navigation elements such as directing users to Main page, Featured Work page, About page and Contacts page.

The Contacts page shows a short description and several button include social media (Facebook and X) and also contact information (LinkedIn and Email). 

Figure 3.5&3.6  Menu bar (Left) and Contacts page (Right)

        1.2  Colour Scheme

This website (https://12wave.com/) contains of Primary colour and Secondary colour (Black, White, Vibrant Accent Colour and Soft Pastel Colour). 

Black (#000000): Black is used for text, buttons, and other essential elements, providing good contrast and readability against lighter backgrounds.

White (#FFFFFF): White is used as the background color for most sections, helping to create a clean and modern look.

Vibrant Accent Colours: Used sparingly throughout the website to highlight buttons, links, and important elements. These colors create visual interest and draw attention to key actions.

Soft Pastel Colours: Used to represent different categories or types of elements, creating visual consistency and helping users navigate the website

Figure 3.7  Colour Scheme 01

Figure 3.8  Colour Scheme 02

Figure 3.9  Colour Scheme 03

        1.3  Visual Hierarchy and Consistency

The color scheme is consistent across different sections of the website, creating a cohesive and unified visual experience.

High contrast between text and background colors ensures readability and accessibility.

Figure 3.10  Contrast between text and background


Features work are displayed in a grid layout, with clear images and concise information. creating visual consistency and hierarchy.

Figure 3.11  Featured work displayed in a grid layout

Layout and design elements are consistent across the websites, maintaining a cohesive visual identity and user experience. Clear navigation, consistent spacing, and well-defined sections contribute to a user-friendly interface. 


2.  Content analysis

        2.1  Type of Content

Main page shows the website logo and play buttons in the middle of the website. There are also sound and menu buttons on the upper right corner. Copyright text on the lower left corner. Social media and contact information on the lower right corner.

Figure 3.12  Main Page

Figure 3.13  Website logo and Start button

Figure 3.14  Sound and Menu button

Figure 3.15  Copyright text

Figure 3.16  Social Media and Contact Information


Play and Game Over page

Figure 3.17  Play page

Figure 3.18  Game Over page

Featured Work page

This page shows all the past works of the website's team.

Figure 3.19  Features Work (Arrange in grid layout)

Clicking inside, the page shows a short description about the work.

Figure 3.20  Features Work (descriptions)

Inside the page, they provide additional picture and video link to users. 

Figure 3.21  Additional pictures (Information about the work)

Figure 3.22  Video link under the additional picture and information

About page

This page inteoduce the founder of their team and shows their service to users. There is also have a play button under the description.

Figure 3.23  Description and Play button

Contact page

This page gives a short description, also social media (Facebook and X), play button under the description and contact information (LinkedIn and Email). 

Figure 3.24  Short description and interaction element (Buttons)

        2.2  Typography

The font choice of the website (https://12wave.com/) appears to be san-serif typeface, it provides a modern and clean look. Examples are, Montserrat and Open Sans. They are used for accent or decorative purposes, adding variety and visual interest. 

     
Figure 3.25&3.26  Font used in website
 
     
Figure 3.27&3.28  Open Sans (Left) and Montserrat

Font sizes are well-balanced, with larger fonts used headings and smaller fonts for body text. Clear hierarchy ensures readability and emphasizes important information.

Headings are bold and prominent, making them stand out and creating visual hierarchy. Subheadings are slightly smaller but still distinguishable from body text. Adequate line spacing ensures readability and prevents text from feeling cramped or overwhelming. Line length is optimized for readability, with an appropriate number of characters per line. 

Black or dark gray text on a light background ensures good contrast and readability. 

Typography is consistent across different sections of the website, maintaining a cohesive visual identity. 

The chosen font and typography ensure readability across different devices and screen sizes. Font size, line spacing, and contrast ratios are optimized for accessibility, ensuring that text is readable for all users.

3.  User experience

The user experience on the website (https://12wave.com/) is smooth and intuitive, making it easy for users to navigate and find what they're looking for. The website's design is clean and organized, with a clear menu at the top to help users explore different product categories. The website is responsive, meaning it works well on both computers and mobile devices, so users can browse from anywhere. Overall, the website offers a pleasant and hassle-free experience to users.

        3.1  Responsiveness

The website is responsive, which means it works well on different devices like computers, tablets, and phones. No matter what device you use, the website adjusts to fit the screen, so you can easily see everything.

Laptops:-

     
Figure 3.29&3.30  Laptop layout 01

     
Figure 3.31&3.32  Laptop layout 02

      
Figure 3.33&3.34  Laptop layout 03

Tablets:-

Figure 3.35&3.36  Tablets layout 01

Figure 3.37&3.38  Tablets layout 02

Figure 3.39&3.40  Tablets layout 03

Mobile Device:-

Figure 3.41, 3.42&3.43  Mobile device layout 01

Figure 3.44, 3.45&3.46  Mobile device layout 02

        3.2  Loading speed

The website loads quickly, which means you don't have to wait long for pages to open. This makes it easy and fast to browse through the different products.
I have test this website in PageSpeedInsights. (https://pagespeed.web.dev/)

Figure 3.47  Page speed (Mobile Device)

Figure 3.48  Page speed (Desktop)

        3.3  Ease of use

The website is easy to use and navigate. There's a menu at the top of the page that helps you find what you're looking for quickly. You can click on different categories like Main, Work, About, Contact, and it takes you right to those pages. (Figure 3.10)

        3.4  Interaction Element (User Experience)

Play around with the Website 01 (https://12wave.com/)

Video 01  Interaction Element (User Experience)

4.  Strengths and Weeknesses

        4.1  Strengths
  • Users-Friendly design. The website has a clean and intuitive design, making it easy for users to navigate and find products.
  • Visual appeal. High-quality images and a modern layout make the website visually appealing and engaging.
  • Responsive design. The website is responsive and works well on various devices, including desktops, tablets, and smartphones.
  • Fast loading speed. Pages load quickly, providing users with a smooth browsing experience.
  • Clear navigation. The menu and category organization make it easy for users to find what they're looking for.
        
        4.2  Weeknesses
  • Lack of personalization. The website could benefit from personalized colours based on user preferences.

5.  Impact on User Experience

  1. Clean and user-friendly interface. The clean design and user-friendly interface make it easy for users to navigate the website and find the products they're looking for.
  2. Straightforward. The navigation is straightforward at there, the featured word is shown with clear images and descriptions provides users with a straightforward experience. 
  3. Limited engagement features. Although the website is lack of extensive engagement features, it still focus on the featured works ensure that users can quickly browse on the works.
  4. Responsive design and fast loadinig speed. Responsive design ensures usability across different devices, and fast loading speed provides users with a smooth and seamless browsing experience.


3.2  Website 02: Equinox Space

According to the casestudy of the workshop regarding to this website, this website is an interactive storytelling website. The workshop of the website is crafting an immersive space survival experience that combines interactive storytelling and gamification.

Website background:

They think that a website needs more narrative-driven experiences, where stories unfold via exploration and user interaction. So they embarked on creating our own interactive story about something awesome: space travel!

They draw inspiration from video games, they created a first-person journey to enhance immersion. They ensured the controls were user-friendly, allowing even those unfamiliar with gaming to enjoy it comfortably.

Equinox is available for desktop and mobile browsers. Thanks to an interaction mode specifically designed for touch screens, the entire story can be experienced on any phone or tablet with just one finger.

1.  Website overview and design analysis

        1.1  Layout 
The websites (https://equinox.space/) features a dynamic layout with interactive elements, animations, and transitions, creating an engaging and immersive user experience. Sections are organized in a visually appealing manner, with a balance between text and imagery, creating an aesthetically pleasing design.

Loading Page with website name and logo in the middle, animations, Start button in the middle and About and Credits in the bottom of the web page. 

Video 02  Loading page

Figure 3.49  About and Credits

Story Page 

Figure 3.50&3.51  Story Page 01

Figure 3.52&3.53  Story Page 02

End Story page. This page contains of additional link to another website (Workshop's website), a short introduction about the workshop, social media button (X and Facebook), contact information (LinkedIn) and also Back to Home bubtton.

Figure 3.54  End Story page

Additional Link (Workshop website)

Figure 3.55  Additional Link (Workshop's website)


        1.2  Colour Scheme

The website (https://equinox.space/) uses a a vibrant and bold colour scheme, incorporating bright colors such as orange, blue, and green, against a dark background. The use of contrasting colors enhances visual appeal and draws attention to key elements, creating a visually striking design. 
I extract the colour scheme from the website: http://colormind.io/image/

Figure 3.56  Colour Scheme 01

Figure 3.57  Colour Scheme 02

Figure 3.58  Colour Scheme 03

Figure 3.59  Colour Scheme 04

Figure 3.60  Colour Scheme 05

Figure 3.61  Colour Scheme 06

        1.3  Visual Hierarchy and Consistency

The website (https://equinox.space/) maintains consistency in design elements, including colors, typography, and imagery, creating a cohesive visual experience for users.

        1.4  Navigation

Navigation is intuitive, with a creative menu design and interactive elements encouraging users to explore different sections of the website.

Figure 3.62  Setting panel of the website

2.  Content analysis

        2.1  Type of Content

The website (https://equinox.space/) incorporates interactive elements such as animations, transitions, and hover effects, creating an engaging and immersive user experience. Interactive navigation encourages users to explore different sections of the website, enhancing user engagement and interaction. (Pages layout: Figure 3.49 - Figure 3.54).

High-quality imagery, bold typography, and vibrant colors create visual impact and draw users' attention to key elements, enhancing user engagement and interaction. Dynamic animations and transitions contribute to an immersive and engaging user experience, keeping users interested and involved.


Dynamic Content Presentation & Interactivev Element

     
Video 03(Left)  Interactive elements - Animations (Engine room) and Video 04 (Right)  Interactive elements - Animations (Control panel)

Video 05  Interactive elements - Animation (Warping)

        2.2  Call-to-Action 

Clear and strategically placed call-to-action buttons guide users to take the next step.

Figure 3.63  Instruction 01 (Guide by AI system of the story)

Figure 3.64&3.65  Call-toAction buttons 

Figure 3.66, 3.67&3.68  Instructions from the AI system

3.  User experience

        3.1  Responsiveness

The website (https://equinox.space/is responsive and adapts seamlessly to various screen sizes and devices, including desktops, tablets, and smartphones. Content is rearranged and resized to ensure optimal viewing and usability across different devices, providing a consistent user experience.

Laptops:-

Figure 3.69&3.70  Laptops layout 01

Figrue 3.71&3.72  Laptops layout 02

Figure 3.73&3.74  Laptops layout 03

Figure 3.75&3.76  Laptops layout 04

Tablets:-

     
Figure 3.77&3.78 Tablet layout 01

     
Figure 3.79&3.80  Tablet layout 02

     
Figure 3.81&3.82  Tablet layout 03

Mobile Devices:-

Figure 3.83  Mobile Devices layout 01

Figure 3.84  Mobile Devices layout 02

Figure 3.85  Mobile Devices layout 03

        3.2  Loading speed

Pages load quickly, ensuring a smooth and seamless browsing experience for users. Optimized images, minimized scripts, and efficient code contribute to fast loading times, reducing bounce rates and improving user satisfaction.

Figure 3.86  Page Speed (Mobile Devices)

Figure 3.87  Page Speed (Desktop)

        3.3  Ease of use

Navigation is intuitive, with a clear and user-friendly menu structure that helps users find what they're looking for quickly and easily. Interactive elements and smooth transitions enhance the user experience, making it enjoyable to explore the website.

        3.4  Interaction Element (User Experience)

Interaction animation (Loading page) - Loading.

Video 06  Interaction Animation (Loading page) - Loading

Interaction Element (Loading page) - The screen follows the mouse.

Video 07  Interaction Element (Loading page) - The sreen follows the mouse

Play around with the website:  https://equinox.space/ .

Video 08  Play around with Website 02

Explore the website after finnish the story.

Video 09  Explore Website after the story

4.  Strengths and Weeknesses

        4.1  Strengths
  • Visual appeal. The website features a visually stunning design with bold colors, high-quality imagery, and dynamic animations, creating a captivating user experience.
  • Engagement features. Interactive elements such as animations, transitions, and hover effects enhance user engagement and interaction, making the browsing experience immersive and enjoyable. 
  • Clear navigation. Intuitive navigation and a user-friendly menu structure make it easy for users to find the information they need quickly and efficiently.
  • Responsiveness and loading speed. The website is responsive and optimized for various devices, providing a consistent user experience across different screen sizes. Pages load quickly, ensuring a smooth and seamless browsing experience for users.

        4.2  Weeknesses
  • Feel uncomfortable if use it for a long time. This website will feel dizzy after using it for a long time.

5.  Impact on User Experience

  1. Visual appeal. The visually stunning design, bold colors, high-quality imagery, and dynamic animations create an engaging and immersive user experience.
  2. Engagement features. Interactive elements such as animations, transitions, and hover effects enhance user engagement and interaction, making the browsing experience enjoyable.
  3. Clear navigation. Intuitive navigation with a user-friendly menu structure and interactive elements ensures that users can find the information they need quickly and efficiently.
  4. Content and Engagement. It features a diverse range of creative projects with detailed descriptions and high-quality images keeps users engaged and interested.
  5. Responsiveness and Loading Speed. Responsive design optimized for various devices and fast loading speed ensure a seamless browsing experience, contributing to user satisfaction.

Comparison between two websites

I have made a table for the comparison.

No.

Aspect

Website 01
(https://12wave.com/)

Website 02
(https://equinox.space/)

1.

Design and Visual Appeal

  • Clean and modern design with a minimalist layout and simple navigation.
  • High-quality images and clear typography create a professional and user-friendly interface.
  • Features a visually stunning design with bold colors, high-quality imagery, and dynamic animations.
  • Creative and dynamic layout with interactive elements, creating an immersive user experience.

2.

Navigation and User Experience

  • Straightforward navigation with a clear menu at the top of the page.
  • Easy-to-use interface with clear product categories and descriptions.
  • Intuitive navigation with a user-friendly menu structure and interactive elements.
  • Clear call-to-action buttons and dynamic content presentation enhance user engagement.

3.

Content and Engagement Features

  • Extensive past works with clear images and descriptions.
  • Limited engagement features compared to Equinox Studio, with a focus on product presentation
  • Features a diverse range of creative projects with detailed descriptions and high-quality images.
  • Interactive elements such as animations, transitions, and hover effects enhance user engagement.

4.

Responsiveness and Loading Speed

  • Responsive design ensures usability across different devices.
  • Fast loading speed, providing users with a seamless browsing experience.
  • Responsive design optimized for various devices, providing a consistent user experience.
  • Pages load quickly, ensuring a smooth and seamless browsing experience.

5.

Strengths

  • Clean design, user-friendly interface, extensive product catalog.
  • Visual appeal, engagement features, clear navigation, responsiveness, loading speed.

6.

Weeknesses

  • Lack of personalization.
  • Feel uncomfortable if the user uses it for a long time.
Table 01  Comparison between two websites


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4. EXERCISE 02 - REPLICATE WEBSITES

During Week 03, Mr Shamsul instructed as to complete our Exercise 02, which is replicate 2 existing main pages of the websites given in the link below to gain a better understanding of their structure. Choose any two from the link given.

Choosen website: 1.  Ocean Health Index     2.  Bandit Runnning   

Through this exercise, we should follow the dimensions of the existing website from the width and height. This exercise is use to develop our design skills using software such as Photoshop or Adobe Illustrator, and gain insights into web design best practices.

4.1  Website 01: Ocean Health Index

Working Progression of Website

<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YMV_1PNS_drVMLJsM2KqXYQxi77k6hBw/preview" width="640" height="480" allow="autoplay"></iframe>

Final Submission of Website 01

Figure 4.1  Original Website pages of Website 01 - Ocean Health Index

Figure 4.2  Replicate Website pages of Website 02 - Ocean Health Index

4.2  Website 02: Bandit Runing

Working Progression of Website

<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YMV_1PNS_drVMLJsM2KqXYQxi77k6hBw/preview" width="640" height="480" allow="autoplay"></iframe>

Final Submission of Website 02

Figure 4.3  Original Website pages of Website 02 - Bandit Running

Figure 4.4  Replicate Website pages of Website 01 - Bandit Running

Google Drive link for this Exercise 02: Replicate Websites 🔗




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5. EXERCISE 03 - HTML AND CSS (CREATE A RECIPE CARD)

During Week 6. Mr Shamsul tasked us a new exercise, which is Exercise 03 - HTML and CSS (Create a recipe card). In this exercise, we will create a recipe card using HMTL and CSS. The aim is to design a basic webpage that displays a recipe's ingredients and instructions in a visually appealing format.

Things to do: 

1.  Choose one recipe from the link provided. 
2.  Create an HTML file named "index.html".
  • Recipe tittle
  • Include necessary images for the page
  •     List of ingredients
  •     Step-by-step cooking instructions
3.  Create an external CSS file and named it "style.css".
  • Apply CSS rules to style your recipe card.
  • Use CSS selectors such as element selectors (e.g., body,h1,ul), class selectors (e.g., recipe-tittle, ingredient-list), and ID selectors (e.g., #instructions) to style different parts of the card.

5.1  Starting 

First, I create an HTML file named "index.html" and an external CSS file named "style.css" using Adobe Dreamweaver. 

Figure 5.1  Create file for exercise 03

After that, I look for the website provided by Mr Shamsul and choose a recipe for creating the recipe card. I decided to create a recipe card for "Homemade Coconut Cream Pie", because this food caught my attention. 
Link to original website recipe: Homemade Coconut Cream Pie

Figure 5.2  Homemade Coconut Cream Pie Recipe

5.2  Research

Before I start t code the recipe card in Adobe Dreamweaver, I tried to find some reference of recipe cards on Pinterest, this is because I don't familiar with the recipe card. 
Link to Pinterest Board: Click HERE

After Finnish the research session, I have created a Google Document to extract the important content that is needed in the recipe card which is the ingredients and the baking instructions. Rather than just including these information. I also have added the introduction of the food. 

Figure 5.3  Google Document - Recipe Information (Exercise 03)

5.3  Sketching wireframe

After Finnish the research and information session, I tried to sketch my own layout (wireframe) before the coding part. 

Figure 5.4  Sketching wireframe

5.4  Digitalize wireframe (Figma)

After sketching out the wireframe, I tried to make the layout of the webpage from Figma. This is because when I do the work of typing code, I want to have a reference for me to check, otherwise I will be very worried. Although there is a reference for me to look at, I am still not sure if I can figure it out with code alone, because I just learned HTML and CSS not enough one month.

Figma link: Click HERE to view.

Figure 5.5  Figma - Exercise 03 Recipe Layout 

5.5  Touching the HTML with CSS

After all the things listed above, I started to do the coding in Adobe Dreamweaver.

Working Progress

During the coding sessions, I have applied all the knowledge taught by Mr Shamsul in class.
I have created Recipe tittle, include several necessary images for the website page, list of ingredients that is needed to bake a coconut cream pie and also include the step-by-step cooking instructions. Futhermore, I also have used CSS selectors such as element selectors, class selectors and ID selectors to style different parts of the recipe card.

Figure 5.6  Touching HTML and CSS code in Adobe Dreamweaver

5.6  HMTL Code

<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1A5eiIMjx-jdPeirMez4TTobeBAcpAmSi/preview" width="640" height="480" allow="autoplay"></iframe>

5.7  CSS Code

<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fDWHBOvEsvY_9KF4LDK2jWaJuQOURHrR/preview" width="640" height="480" allow="autoplay"></iframe>

5.8  Final Submission

Website link: Click HERE



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6. FEEDBACK

No feedback given by Mr Shamsul.


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7. REFLECTION













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8. FURTHER READING

Based on the article gave by Mr Shamshul for Further Reading, the tittle of the article is "The Anatomy of a Web Page: 14 Basic Elements". Through this article, we can review the essential elements of a web page, learn what impact each element has and how it contributes to the general user experience. 
Website Link 🔗:  https://blog.tubikstudio.com/anatomy-of-web-page/


To design a Perfect Page for a website, we can consider these 14 elements: 

1.  Header

The header is the top part of a webpage and is strategically important as it is the first thing people see when they visit a website. It should provide core navigation for users to quickly jump to main pages. Headers are also known as site menus and are a primary element of website navigation.

May include a bunch of meaningful layout elements:
  1. Logos (Brand identity)
  2. Call-to-Action button (CTA button)
  3. Links to basic categories of website content
  4. Links to the social networks
  5. Basic contact information (Telephone number, e-mail address, etc)
  6. Switcher of the languages in case of the multilinguaal interface
  7. Search field 
  8. Subsription field or button
  9. Links to interaction with the product such as trial version
Some popular design practices for web headers include: 
  • Hamburger menu: The set of links to different pages or sections is hidden behind the hamburger button, which consists of horizontal lines resembling a hamburger.
  • Sticky header: Create a header that remains at the top of the page while users scroll down, ensuring that the core navigation area is always accessible, particularly on content-heavy pages with long scrolling.
  • Two-layer navigation: Two sets of navigation links in the header to separate two important routes of navigation for web usability.

2.  CTA Button (Call-to-Action Button)

A CTA button is a UI element that encourages a user to take a specific action, leading to a conversion on a page or screen (e.g. buy, contact, subscribe, etc.). Effective call-to-action buttons are designed to be easily noticeable, with bold buttons and specific microcopy prompting a particular action such as "Learn more" or "Buy it now." If CTA buttons are not clearly defined and attention-grabbing, visitors are likely to quickly scan the content and leave without taking any action.

3.  Hero Section

The hero section is the top part of a web page that grabs visitors' attention with a strong visual element such as a hero image, slider, typography, or video. It doesn't necessarily have to feature a character and can be a product photo, theme image, or abstract composition. The key is to instantly capture attention and create a quick connection with users, encouraging them to explore further.

4.  Footer

The footer is the bottom part of a web page that marks its end. It is a common area for global website navigation and provides useful links and data for users.

Footers can include:
  1. Brand identity signs (name and logo of the company or product).
  2. Links to user support sections (FAQ page, About page, Privacy Policy, Terms and Conditions, Support Team, etc.)
  3. Credits to website creaators.
  4. Contact forms and information
  5. Links to company or product accounts in social networks
  6. Testimonials and badges
  7. Certifiction signs
  8. Subscription field or button
The footer may not be present in all websites, especially when infinite scrolling is used. However, a fixed footer can still provide effective navigation in such cases. For many users, the footer is a common place to find contact information, credits, and sitemaps. Utilizing this pattern can be beneficial for usability and navigation. If a footer is used, it should harmonize with the overall design and stylistic concept of the website.

5.  Slider

Slider is used for presenting different products, offers, etc. It is commonly used in e-commerce and business websites to showcase a gallery of products or services.

Pros of sliders:
  1. Saving space on the page
  2. User engagement
  3. Attractive visual hook
Cons of sliders:
  1. Page speed decreasing due to slider funcionality, ths way influencing SEO.
  2. Display of several equal options together, which may hurt usability and get distracing as people do not observe priorities, and then makes it harder to focus.
  3. Possible problems of sliders in the mobile adaptation of the website.
  4. As well as banners, sliders can be perceived as ads and skipped.

6.  Search

Internal search is a feature that allows visitors to search for content within a website. When optimized, it can display relevant content, saving users time and effort. The search field, also known as a search box or search bar, is the interactive element responsible for this functionality.

For websites with 50+ pages, it's important to consider adding an internal search function. A well-designed and easily accessible search field allows users to quickly find what they need without having to navigate through multiple pages and menus. This user-friendly approach is now a common pattern of behavior and is highly sought after in interfaces that respect the user's time and effort.

Designers shouldn’t prioritize search over navigation in a user interface.

If you have a one-page website with minimal content, you may not need an internal search function. Well-planned navigation should suffice, especially for corporate or portfolio websites that focus on essential information and services.

7. Menu

The menu is a key navigation element in user interfaces, presenting options for interactions. It can display commands with verbs like "save," "delete," or "buy," or categories organized with nouns.

Menus can appear in different locations and have various ways of appearing and interacting. Designers should base their menu decisions on user research, considering the target audience's preferences, tech literacy, and potential usage environments. A well-designed menu can greatly improve user experience by helping users achieve their goals efficiently.

Types of Menus:
  1. Classic horizontal menu: The most common and well-recognized type of menu is the core navigation organized as a horizontal line in the website header.
  2. Sidebar menu: A classic type that shows a vertical list of options aligned to the left or right side of the web page.
  3. Dropdown menu: A more complex menu type for content-heavy websites where the list of additional options opens below the primary one when clicked or hovered. Another similar option is the dropup menu, where the list opens up instead of down, but the essence is the same.
  4. Megamenu: This is a complex expandable menu with a large list of choices presented in a two-dimensional dropdown layout, which is effective for cases with a vast number of options.
  5. Hamburger menu: When the hamburger button is clicked, the menu expands, saving space and is often used for mobile versions of websites.

8.  Breadcrumbs

Breadcrumbs help users navigate the website and understand its structure. They are a secondary navigation tool that enhances wayfinding and usability, especially for websites with many pages. However, they do not replace the primary navigation menu.

Benifits of breadcrumbs:
  1. Increase findability
  2. Fewer clicks needed
  3. Effective use of screen space
  4. No misinterpretation
  5. Lower bounce rate

9.  Form

A form is a digital version of a paper form used to provide information to a system or server. Digital forms offer more options and functionality for a smoother and user-friendly process. Users encounter forms frequently in their digital lives for tasks such as registration, providing personal or financial details, making payments, sending feedback, and subscribing to newsletters.

Forms are the main point of communication between the user and the digital product, so they need to be simple and easy to use. Designers should put a lot of thought and effort into making the UI elements as simple as possible. The logic of data input should be well-planned, the form navigation should be intuitive, and the number of required actions should be minimized. Visual prompts and tips should also be included to support the user in filling out the form.

10.  Cards

Cards, also known as tiles, are layout elements used to arrange and visualize homogeneous data or content in a scannable and user-friendly manner. They are typically organized in a grid layout, with each card appearing as a separate piece. Cards can display various types of content related to a specific item, such as images, titles, and basic functionality like adding to a shopping cart or saving to a wishlist.

11.  Video

Video is becoming increasingly common on various websites, as it has the ability to capture the audience's attention and convey information quickly and effectively. It activates multiple channels of perception and is often presented in a storytelling format, making it a powerful and memorable tool for engaging with customers.

Videos are now commonly used in the hero section of websites. They serve various purposes such as explaining a product, setting the atmosphere, delivering a message, and demonstrating how a tool or app works. However, integrating videos into a web page requires careful consideration of factors like loading time, contrast issues, and responsiveness to avoid spoiling the user experience.

12.  Progress Indicator

Progress indicator helps users understand their position in a large volume of information or set of actions, especially on text-heavy pages with long scrolling. It prevents users from getting lost and allows them to estimate the time needed for reading or browsing.

Progress trackers help users with long and complex forms or processes by showing the steps or actions needed, giving them a sense of confidence by seeing what has been completed and what lies ahead.

13.  Favicon

Favicon, also known as URL icon or bookmark icon, is a symbol representing the product or brand in the URL-line of the browser and in the bookmark tab. It provides a quick visual connection for users while browsing, and is effective for website promotion and visual identity recognizability. Despite being small, it greatly contributes to web usability.

14.  Tags

Tags are a secondary level of navigation often seen in blogs and websites with similar content. They are keywords or phrases that allow users to jump directly to specific items. Tags are metadata that provide quick access to content categories, supporting navigation and content classification. Users often create tags themselves, making them an alternative to fixed website categories.





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